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Problem 21 Easy

Each of the 9 squares in a 3\times 3 grid is to be colored red, blue, or yellow in such a way that each red square shares an edge with at least one blue square, each blue square shares an edge with at least one yellow square, and each yellow square shares an edge with at least one red square. Colorings that can be obtained from one another by rotations and/or reflections are to be considered the same. How many different colorings are possible?

  • A.

    3

  • B.

    9

  • C.

    12

  • D.

    18

  • E.

    27

Answer:C
Solution

Assume the color of row i, column j is c(i,j).

Consider the center grid when it is red.

At least one of c(1,2), c(3,2), c(2,1), c(2,3) is blue.

Suppose c(1,2) = blue (WLOG).

At least one of c(1,1), c(1,3) is yellow, assume c(1,3) is yellow (WLOG).

Then considering c(1,3), at least one of c(1,2) and c(2,3) must be red, meaning c(2,3) = red.

Considering c(2,3), one of its neighbors is blue, meaning c(3,3) = blue.

Considering c(3,3), one of its neighbors is yellow, meaning c(3,2) = yellow.

For the remaining 3 grids, there are 3 cases:

Case 1: c(2,1) = red, then c(1,1) = blue or c(3,1) = blue.

If c(1,1) = blue, its neighbor does not have yellow (contradiction!).

Thus c(3,1) = blue, and c(1,1) can be either red or yellow. 2 ways.

Case 2: c(2,1) = yellow, then the neighbors of c(3,1) are all yellow, so c(3,1) = blue. c(1,1) can be either red or blue. 2 ways.

Case 3: c(2,1) = blue, then c(1,1) = yellow or c(3,1) = yellow.

However, neither has a neighbor with color red (contradiction!).

By shifting the colors, the total number of ways = 3 \times (2+2) = 12.